Learned societies are traditional publishers who have been dominant players in the field of academic journal publishing and distribution. The role and the level of influence they held in the field have been changing, and it’s changing due to open access (OA) model of scientific research output publishing. This new model, beyond challenging the monopoly that the learned societies had over scholarly materials for centuries, is shaking their very foundation through posing serious threat to their income, EDP survey report shows . According to this report, open access has the potential to dry learned societies’ main source of revenue which is predominantly journal subscription fees.

With emergence of OA, learned societies learned that their business model is increasingly under pressure and not sustainable at all. They have genuine concern, the survey shows, about serious existential threat OA poses particularly to publishers with limited resources. It appears from the survey that there is sort of consensus among learned societies that open access puts their journals’ financial health in jeopardy. It is not surprising to uncover that significant numbers of learned societies are strongly negative about open access.Obviously, the philosophy of OA is fundamentally in sharp contrast to the learned societies modes of publishing and their principles of access provision to scientific outputs.

Overwhelming majority of the societies, nonetheless, recognize the opportunity OA brings about. They realize that OA opens knowledge and information gates for scientific communities and wider society; particularly for those in developing countries who in the past had no or limited access to scholarly materials due to high journal subscription fees. Now open access is helping and it is narrowing information and knowledge gap between developed and developing nations. It is effectively removing barriers to scholarly materials and by doing so it is empowering and creating opportunities for resource starved institutions and researchers to actively engage in research.

Learned societies are hesitantly embracing OA by offering open access of different flavors. Currently, Gold OA is by far the most preferred method. Hybrid method is offered by over three-quarters of the societies, however.

OpenCon 2014 which aims to bring students and early career researchers from across the world together will be held from November 15 to November 17 in Washington, DC. The conference is organized by organizations which represent the next generation of scholars and researchers. Participants of the forum, mostly students and early career researchers, will learn more about various issues pertinent to open access and develop critical skills. Once the participants return to their home countries, they will be expected to be agents of change and catalyze actions towards opening up scholarly outputs and other educational materials.

Nick Shockey, founding Director of the Right to Research Coalition, underlines the significance of OpenCon 2014 saying “OpenCon2014 will support and accelerate this rapidly growing movement of students and early career researchers advocating for openness in research literature, education, and data.”

OpenCon 2014 is primarily organized by the Rights to Research Coalition, the Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition (SPARC), and a committee of student and early career research organizations from around the world. OpenCon 2014 is the first event of its kind, says the announcemnet. See the Right to Research Coalition

The Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition (SPARC) announced that 2014 International Open Access Week will be celebrated under ‘Generation Open’ theme. This year open access week will be held from October 20-26 all over the world. The theme of the week is meant to highlight central role students and junior researchers play as change agents for the development of open access scientific publishing and scholarly output dissemination. International Open Access Week 2014 aims at improving the level of awareness about the potential benefits of open access. It reflects on the success achieved. The week will also be used to help “inspire wider participation” in order to make Open Access a new norm in scholarship and research.

International Open Access Week which evolved from National Day of Action for Open Access, initiated by students in 2007, has grown and expanded dramatically. Now it participate more than 7 million students in more than 100 countries actively advocating for and supporting open access movements.

According to SPARC it is incumbent on open access advocates around the world ‘to use the week as a catalyst for raising awareness of Open Access and to build a dialogue with the next generation about shaping the system of scholarly communication that they will inherit.’ See SPARC press release.

The development of the internet coupled with the dramatic increase in journal subscription fees in the 90s have triggered the creation of Open Access. This movement in the scientific publishing world promotes universal access to scientific research findings free of charge, challenging the 350 years old world of print that has been largely championed by scholars and librarians. Since inception of the movement, Open Access has grabbed significant attention of many in and outside the academic world and resulted in the appearance of many OA scholarly journal publications.

Why we need a change

Proponents of Open Access believe the internet has made sharing and dissemination of scientific research material cheap and amazingly swift.The following arguments are most commonly and frequently brought forward as justifications for OA:

1. Ever increasing costs of knowledge keep scholarly journals behind pay-walls which makes access to them very tough for those in the sphere of academia. Substantial journal subscription fees are no longer a challenge that only low budget institutions have to deal with. It has affected almost every research institution and every researcher. Even for bigger and well established academic or research institutions, it has been an issue of serious concern for many years.

2. There is an ever growing awareness among the public about research and its funding.  People started considering research funded by tax payers as the public good. Based on this idea supporters of OA passionately call for all scientific research funded by the public to be made widely available and freely accessible to everyone with access to the internet.

3. Some OA supporters are fervently advocating free access to the scientific research output arguing that everybody should be able to access research output. This camp believes pay-walls which limit access to scholarly journals should not be erected. Because countries with resource constraints cannot afford to pay high subscription fees.

As of today many OA journals still remain out of the mainstream channels of scientific journals publishing, being largely kept at the peripheries. Only 2.6% of OA journals are indexed in the ISI database. Nonetheless, some OA journals have recently managed to gain strong foothold in the scientific publishing ecosystem. So far the largest number of OA journals is in Medicine and Life Sciences. Journals such as BioMed Central and PLoS One, primarily focusing on medicine and biological sciences, made a head start in the world of scientific publications. They are currently competing strongly with classic scientific journal publishers that dominated the landscape for centuries. These two OA publishers have managed not only to survive in a hostile territory but have also started settling in top leagues of scientific journals publications.

Mushrooms in the developing world

Open Access is growing both in the developed and the developing countries. The developed nations, not surprisingly, are ahead of the rest, having made the most journals openly accessible in terms of quantity and quality. The West is in far front in producing OA journals, with the US taking overall lead. At the same time the two emerging nations Brazil and India are producing more OA journals than Germany, France and Italy combined. This is a very significant development and it shows how fast developing nations (previously experiencing problems with subscription based journals due to financial constraints) are now embracing the OA scholarly publishing model. Still, many of these OA journals coming out of developing countries lack international recognition. This may inhibit the impact those journals could have on scientific research. This challenge, nevertheless, has not stopped OA journals from mushrooming in the developing world.

The developing world, of course Africa in the center, does not want to be left behind as far as knowledge production and dissemination is concerned.

All knowledge production, after all, needs appropriate research skills and tools. So far scientific research, particularly in Africa, is being hampered by the lack of access to quality research journals- which is beyond the reach of many academic institutions and research centers due to high financial burdens. Open Access to scientific journals might provide panacea, yet OA is not firmly rooted in the African scientific research publication environment. It is in its infancy in the continent which perhaps needs OA to scientific research output more than any other region in the world. An overwhelming number of journals (84%) is still subscription based. Not everything is dark, however. There are promising signs from the continent. In Africa around 9% of the journals offer immediate access to their content while 7% do provide delayed Open Access.

No Open Access, no funding

The European Commission has been encouraging the European Union research grant recipients (under the Framework Program 7-FP7) to make their research findings available on OA platforms. They are stimulated to do this immediately following publication or after a maximum embargo period of 12 months. Because the EU believes that improved access to scientific research output not only promotes but also boosts European innovation, the EU has taken more concrete and constructive measures in terms of making Open Access publishing mandatory to all research output funded under the Horizon 2020 program for Research and Innovation. As per January 2014, all articles must be made available either through OA journals (Gold approach with embargo period or without) or through Institutional Repositories (Green approach). Furthermore, the EU hopes that member states will align their open access policies in line with its open access regulatory framework. Many countries, interestingly, are taking positive steps towards embracing OA policies. The US has set a maximum 12 months embargo period for research output (Gold approach) funded by the US government. Similarly, the UK research councils demand all government funded scientific research output to be openly accessible to the public starting from the 1st of April 2013. The future trend appears to be fast growing as many countries have started to formulate and implement national OA policies. Countries are encouraging their (research) institutions to make their research output, predominantly taxpayer funded research, available and accessible to a wider audience without restrictions (principally under Creative Commons Attribution License). Both in Canada and Scotland some prominent research councils have recommended mandatory self-archiving. Australia, India and Norway have made similar recommendations. Other countries, encouraged by OA developments and affirmative action elsewhere, have also started taking vital steps towards achieving free access to a broad scientific research output.

The steady journey of countries towards embracing OA scientific publishing will inevitably encourage authors and publishers to boldly participate in OA publishing. Gained momentum will propel OA journals high in the ladder of scholarly publications in the years to come. Very recently, Prof. Dame Janet Finch firmly stated that the future belongs to open access academic publishing. OA publishers should seize the moment.

Who pays?

Guiding principle of OA, and what is in the heart of the whole movement, is a call for free access to scientific journal articles for a wide audience. This is, of course, a novel idea and the most pressing question is how to make it practical. Production and dissemination of journals, obviously, incur costs, since repository administration and maintenance comes with a considerably high price. People might ask how it would be possible to make articles from scientific journals available free of charge in a sustainable way.  There must indeed be a feasible source of finance to carry out sustainable publishing. This needs a balancing act between making journals freely accessible to readers and securing revenue stream to safeguard sustainable publication.

The secret behind creating successful OA platforms is not in publishing journals without incurring any costs. Open Access publishers usually make hard choices to secure alternative means of covering publishing costs. They adopt strategies that shift costs and financial burdens from readers to publishers and to content providers. Some of the widely discussed OA publishing models which could make OA publishing sustainable are one (or a combination) of the following models:

•  ‘Article processing fee’ paid by authors
• Institutions paying or reimbursing article processing fees
• Funds and endowments from organizations supporting OA
• Advertising revenue from companies willing to advertise their products and services on OA journals
• Crowd-funding

Open Access as the future

Traditionally, access to scholarly output is mainly possible only through subscription. But the developments described above show that OA publishing is changing the status quo. Already many OA journal publishers flourish, while classic publishers are forced to adopt a hybrid publishing system. A number of scientific journals and books are now available online to read and download freely. Primary beneficiaries of fully or hybrid OA journals are academics, but non-academics and small business owners can also hugely benefit from OA research articles and journals.

Open Access is a better alternative to subscription based publishing of scientific journals. Wide availability and easy access to OA scientific materials will undoubtedly bring down pay-walls that have been erected for years by classic scholarly journal publishers. Furthermore, it will eventually force classic publishers to reconsider the status quo which primarily focuses on making huge profit margin at the expense of science, innovation and knowledge dissemination.

The movement of Open Access has recently gathered steam. Open Access journals are mushrooming, countries are adopting OA policies, OA has been a hot topic in the scientific community and it will continue to attract attention and galvanize advocates from academic and non-academic circles until OA becomes the leading model of publication and dissemination of scholarly materials. Already millions of digital scientific articles, pre-prints materials, datasets and books are made available online free of charge- and many more are yet to come in the year 2014 and then after.